Technologial and institutional reforms - Concepts - Chapter 4 Class 10 Geography - Agriculture - Geography

• The pace of agricultural development has been slowed down by continued land uses without suitable technological and institutional changes .
• Despite the development of irrigation resources, the majority of farmers in many regions of the country still rely on the monsoon and natural fertility to sustain their agriculture.
• In India more than 60% of the population depends on agriculture for a living, 
• It requires significant technical and institutional changes .
• Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation, and the abolition of zamindari was prioritized   to bring about institutional reforms in the nation after Independence.

Reforms initiated by the government

• The fundamental objective of the first five-year plan was land reform.
• Land holdings had already become fragmented due to the inheritance right , resulting in the consolidation of land .
• land reform regulations were passed , but their implementation was not carried out well.
• In the 1960s and 1970s , the Indian government started implementing agricultural reforms to enhance Indian agriculture.
• Several initiatives were made to improve the state of Indian agriculture such as the green revolution and the White revolution (operation flood).
• In the 1980s and 1990s comprehensive land development program was started that encompassed both institutional and technical reforms.
• Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and the Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) were launched by the Indian government for the benefit of farmers.
• The government additionally establishes minimum support prices , remunerative and procurement prices to prevent farmers from getting exploited by middlemen and  speculators.