Why does the chapter have a timeline running through it?

Last updated at September 7, 2026 by

The chapter covers a very long period, so the timeline helps us see what happened before, what happened later, and which developments overlapped .

Broad period Main development shown in Fig. 5.1
2000 BCE onward Kin-based polities of the Rigveda (Sapta-Sindhu region); Neolithic-Chalcolithic.
First millennium BCE Janapadas and mahajanapadas, together with increasing evidence of iron-using cultures.
Around 300 BCE onward Emergence of large empires, along with early political formations in southern India.
Later centuries up to 1000 CE Regional empires and imperial political formations in southern India.
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