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Concept Map
Mind Map
LIFE PROCESSES IN ANIMALS
Nutrition & Respiration
9.1
Nutrition in Animals
Eating food & using it for energy, growth, repair
9.1.1
Digestion in Humans
Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine
9.1.2
Other Animals
Ruminants chew cud · Birds use gizzard
9.2
Respiration in Animals
Glucose + O₂ → CO₂ + Water + Energy
9.2.1
Respiration in Humans
Breathing (physical) · Respiration (chemical) · Alveoli
9.2.2
Other Animals
Fish: gills · Frog: lungs+skin · Worm: moist skin
Key Terms and Definitions
- Nutrition
- Process of taking in food and using it for energy, growth, and repair.
- Alimentary Canal
- Long tube from mouth to anus where food is digested and absorbed. Includes mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
- Mechanical Digestion
- Breaking of food into smaller pieces by the teeth. The first step of digestion, happening in the mouth.
- Digestion
- The process of breaking complex food components into simpler forms in the body. Starts in the mouth and ends at the anus.
- Absorption of Nutrients
- The process by which digested nutrients pass from the small intestine into the blood, which carries them to all parts of the body.
- Stool
- Semi-solid waste formed in the large intestine after water and salts are absorbed from undigested food.
- Rectum
- Lower part of the large intestine where stool is stored until the body is ready to expel it.
- Egestion
- The expulsion of undigested waste (stool) from the body through the anus. The final step of digestion.
- Rumination
- The process of bringing partially digested food back to the mouth for thorough chewing. Done by ruminants.
- Ruminants
- Grass-eating animals (like cows and buffaloes) that swallow food, partially digest it, and then bring it back to the mouth for thorough chewing.
- Gizzard
- A muscular chamber in birds that grinds food by contraction and relaxation of its walls, often with the help of swallowed grit.
- Breathing
- The process of inhaling and exhaling air. A physical process — moving air in and out of the body.
- Respiratory System
- The body system that enables breathing and gas exchange. Includes nostrils, nasal passages, windpipe, lungs, alveoli, rib cage, and diaphragm.
- Alveoli
- Small balloon-like sacs at the end of the lung branches where gas exchange happens. Oxygen enters the blood; carbon dioxide leaves.
- Respiration
- The process by which glucose is broken down using oxygen to release energy. A chemical process occurring inside every cell. Word equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy.
- Circulatory System
- The system that transports nutrients, oxygen, and other substances to all parts of the body. Includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- Gills
- Specialised breathing structures in fish and other aquatic animals, richly supplied with blood vessels, where gas exchange between blood and water-dissolved gases occurs.
