Maps and Pictures - Concepts - Chapter 2 Class 9 History - Socialism in Europe & Russian Revolution - History

The London poor in the mid-nineteenth century as seen by a contemporary.

• The London poor in the mid-nineteenth century as seen by a contemporary. 
• From Henry Mayhew , London Labour and the London Poor , 1861 .

The Paris Commune

• This painting depicts the 1871 Paris Commune .
• It depicts a scene from the uprising of the people that occurred in Paris between March and May 1871 .
• During this time, a " peoples' government " made up of workers , regular citizens , professionals , political activists , and others took control of Paris' town council ( commune ).
• Growing unhappiness with French state policies served as the backdrop for the rebellion .
• The ‘Paris Commune’ was ultimately crushed by government troops but it was celebrated by the socialist world over as a prelude to a socialist revolution .
• The Paris Commune is also well-known for two significant contributions: first, for its connection to the workers' red flag , which the communards ( revolutionaries ) in Paris adopted; second, for the " Marseillaise ," which was originally composed as a war song in 1792 but later came to represent the Commune and the fight for freedom.

Tsar Nicholas II

• This image is of Tsar Nicholas II, who ruled Russia from 1894 to 1914 , in the White Hall of the Winter Palace , St Petersburg, 1900 . 
• Painted by Earnest Lipgart (1847-1932)

Europe in 1914

• The map shows the Russian empire and the European countries at war during the First World War.

Unemployed peasants in pre-war St Petersburg.

• The above image shows unemployed peasants in pre-war St Petersburg .
• Many survived by eating at charitable kitchens and living in poorhouses.

Workers sleeping in bunkers in a dormitory in pre-revolutionary Russia.

• Workers sleeping in bunkers in a dormitory in pre-revolutionary Russia .
• They slept in shifts and could not keep their families with them .

Russian soldiers during the First World War

• Russian soldiers during the First World War . 
• The Imperial Russian army came to be known as the ‘Russian steam roller’ . 
• It was the largest armed force in the world . 
• When this army shifted its loyalty and began supporting the revolutionaries , Tsarist power collapsed.

The Petrograd Soviet meeting in the Duma, February 1917

• The Petrograd Soviet meeting in the Duma , February 1917.

A Bolshevik image of Lenin addressing workers in April 1917

• A Bolshevik image of Lenin addressing workers in April 1917.

The July Days

• A pro-Bolshevik demonstration on 17 July 1917 was fired upon by the army .

Lenin (left) and Trotskii (right)

• Lenin (left) and Trotskii (right) with workers at Petrograd .

A soldier wearing the Soviet hat (budeonovka).

• A soldier wearing the Soviet hat (budeonovka).
• To assert the change , new uniforms were designed for the army and officials, following a clothing competition organised in 1918 – when the Soviet hat (budeonovka) was chosen.

Factories came to be seen as a symbol of socialism

• Factories came to be seen as a symbol of socialism . 
• This poster states: ‘The smoke from the chimneys is the breathing of Soviet Russia .’ 

Children at school in Soviet Russia in the 1930s

• Children at school in Soviet Russia in the 1930s.
• They are studying the Soviet economy .

A child in Magnitogorsk during the First Five Year Plan.

• A child in Magnitogorsk during the First Five Year Plan. 
• He is working for Soviet Russia .

Joseph Stalin

• Joseph Stalin was a Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until he died in 1953 .

 A poster during collectivisation

• A poster during collectivisation .
• It states: ‘We shall strike at the kulak working for the decrease in cultivation.’

Peasant women being gathered to work in the large collective farms.

• Peasant women were gathered to work in the large collective farms .

Special Issue on Lenin of the Indo-Soviet Journal.

• Special Issue on Lenin of the Indo-Soviet Journal .
• Indian communists mobilised support for the USSR during the Second World War.