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Q2. The environment offers human societies both opportunities as well as challenges. Explain with reference to early farming communities and river-valley civilisations.
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This question is about climate and farming.
Suggested answer.
Opportunities
Challenges
Warmer climate
after 12,000 years ago gave forests, grasslands, small game and wild grains
The climate had to be
learnt
- which crop grew in which season took generations to work out
Domestication
brought plants and animals under human control
Crops and animals now needed daily care
- people could not leave
Surplus food
freed people for crafts, trade and ruling
A
failed harvest
meant nothing to fall back on
Different regions could grow
different crops
- wheat, barley, rice, millets
Farming
tied people to one place
, so they could not move when things went wrong
Settled life led to
villages, then cities
Settled life brought
disputes over land
, because land now belonged to someone
