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I. Work in pairs. Match the given phrases in Column 1 with their meanings in Column 2. Use the phrases in sentences of your own.
| Column 1 | Column 2 |
|---|---|
| 1. defy the odds | (i) a time of significant development or discovery |
| 2. a new lease of life | (ii) overcome challenges and achieve goals |
| 3. in hindsight | (iii) succeed in doing something when most people think it would result in failure |
| 4. breakthrough moment | (iv) ability to understand something after it has happened |
| 5. turn obstacles into stepping stones | (v) an occasion when you become more energetic and active than earlier |
View Answer
| Phrase | Meaning | Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| defy the odds | (iii) | Dr. Malik defied the odds by becoming a successful para-athlete after paralysis. |
| a new lease of life | (v) | Para-athletics gave her a new lease of life. |
| in hindsight | (iv) | In hindsight, the failure taught me discipline. |
| breakthrough moment | (i) | Winning the first medal was her breakthrough moment. |
| turn obstacles into stepping stones | (ii) | She turned obstacles into stepping stones through courage and training. |
Matching ka gist: 'defy the odds' matlab mushkil ke against jeetna, 'a new lease of life' matlab fresh start , 'in hindsight' matlab peeche dekh ke samajhna, 'breakthrough moment' matlab bada turning point, aur ' obstacles into stepping stones ' matlab mushkilon ko seedhi banana.
II. A common word used in athletics is ‘sprinting’ which relates to movement. Read the words related to movement given in the box below.
Arrange them on the word cline in increasing order of pace from the slowest to the fastest. Some examples have been done for you.
slowest ______________________________ fastest
View Answer
Increasing order of pace: crawl → creep → plod → saunter → stroll → amble → walk → jog → run → dart → sprint
Order yaad rakhne ka simple trick — sabse slow crawl se start karo aur sabse fast sprint pe khatam karo: crawl, creep, plod, saunter, stroll, amble, walk, jog, run, dart, sprint.
III. Match the highlighted verbs in Column 1 with their functions in Column 2. There are two extra functions that you do not need.
| Column 1 | Column 2 |
|---|---|
| 1. I could hear the audience clapping. | (i) promise |
| 2. It couldn’t be helped. | (ii) possibility |
| 3. I should give it my best shot. | (iii) prediction |
| 4. I knew if I tried, I would win. | (iv) obligation |
| (v) past ability | |
| (vi) impossibility |
View Answer
| Sentence | Function |
|---|---|
| 1. I could hear the audience clapping. | (v) past ability |
| 2. It couldn’t be helped. | (vi) impossibility |
| 3. I should give it my best shot. | (iv) obligation |
| 4. I knew if I tried, I would win. | (iii) prediction |
Extra functions not used: (i) promise and (ii) possibility.
Modals ka gist: 'could hear' matlab past ability , 'couldn't be helped' matlab impossibility, 'should' matlab obligation, aur 'would win' matlab prediction . Promise aur possibility extra functions the, use nahi hue.
IV. Read the table which shows other functions of the modal auxiliaries.
| Modal Verbs | Functions |
|---|---|
| 1. could |
(i) possibility
(ii) unreal ability (iii) request (iv) suggestion |
| 2. couldn’t | (i) inability |
| 3. should |
(i) probability
(ii) advice |
| 4. would |
(i) request
(ii) past habit |
Now, make sentences with the modal verbs given in the table above with each function of the modal verbs. Mention the function in brackets.
View Answer
- It could rain before the match. (possibility)
- If I trained regularly, I could run faster. (unreal ability)
- Could you lend me your notes? (request)
- You could speak to the coach for guidance. (suggestion)
- She couldn’t attend practice because she was ill. (inability)
- The team should reach the ground by noon. (probability)
- You should warm up before running. (advice)
- Would you please close the door? (request)
- When he was young, he would swim every morning. (past habit)
Yahan har modal ka apna sentence banana tha — jaise ' could ' se possibility, request aur suggestion, ' should ' se advice aur probability, aur 'would' se request ya past habit. Sample sentences sports theme pe hain, jaise 'You should warm up before running.'
V. Read the following sentences.
- Interviewer: You’ve been listed as one of the 10 most inspirational women para-athletes globally by the International Paralympic Committee.
- Dr. Malik: I love sports and had been a swimmer too, so I decided to switch to para-athletics.
The sentences given above are in ______________________ . (Direct Speech/Reported Speech)
The sentences given above are ______________________ sentences. (declarative/interrogative/exclamatory/imperative)
Now, work in pairs. Observe the changes from Column 1 to Column 2. Note these changes in Column 3. One example has been done for you.
| Column 1: Direct Speech | Column 2: Reported Speech | Column 3: Changes Noted |
|---|---|---|
| Interviewer: You’ve been listed as one of the ten most inspirational women para-athletes globally by the International Paralympic Committee. | The interviewer said that she had been listed as one of the 10 most inspirational women para-athletes globally by the International Paralympic Committee. |
1. ‘said’ added
2. that—linking word added 3. have been → had been 4. you → she |
| Dr. Malik: I love sports and had been a swimmer too, and so I decided to switch to para-athletics. | Dr. Malik said that she loved sports and had been a swimmer too, and so she had decided to switch to para-athletics. |
1.
_____
2. _____ 3. I → she 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. decided → had decided |
| Interviewer: Your story is indeed a testament to the power of determination. | The interviewer said that her story was indeed a testament to the power of determination. |
1.
_____
2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ |
| Dr. Malik: I believe youth is the voice of tomorrow. | Dr. Malik says that she believes youth is the voice of tomorrow. |
1.
_____
2. _____ |
Steps to Remember
Use reporting verbs said, told, or says.
Remove quotation marks.
Add linking word ‘that’ after the reporting verb.
View Answer
Sentence type blanks:
- The sentences are in Direct Speech .
- The sentences are declarative sentences.
| Reported Speech Item | Changes Noted |
|---|---|
| Dr. Malik: I love sports... |
1. Dr. Malik said that added
2. that—linking word added 3. I → she 4. love → loved 5. so I → so she 6. decided → had decided |
| Interviewer: Your story is indeed... |
1. The interviewer said that added
2. Your → her 3. is → was 4. quotation marks removed |
| Dr. Malik: I believe youth... |
1. Dr. Malik says that added
2. I believe → she believes; no backshift is needed because the reporting verb is in the present tense: says. |
Gist simple hai — direct se reported speech mein 'said that' add hota hai, I/your jaise pronouns badalte hain, aur tense backshift hota hai (love se loved). Magar jab reporting verb present ho ('says'), toh backshift nahi hota.
VI. Read the conversation given below.
| Speaker | Dialogue |
|---|---|
| Siya | I watched a documentary on the para equestrian event on television last night. |
| Tarun | I didn’t know Paralympics has equestrian events. |
| Siya | It does. It was so interesting to watch. |
| Tarun | That’s wonderful. So, para equestrians must be training for months for this. |
| Siya | They also have to find and develop their own style of communication with their horse. |
| Tarun | I will watch this documentary the next weekend. |
Change the conversation given above to reported speech.
Siya said that she 1. __________________________________________ . Tarun replied that he hadn’t known that Paralympics had equestrian events. Siya added that 2. _________________________________ . Tarun remarked that it was wonderful and that para equestrians must be training for months for that. Siya replied that 3. ___________________________ . Tarun said that 4. ____________________________________ .
View Answer
Siya said that she had watched a documentary on the para equestrian event on television the previous night . Tarun replied that he hadn’t known that Paralympics had equestrian events. Siya added that it did and that it had been so interesting to watch . Tarun remarked that it was wonderful and that para equestrians must be training for months for that. Siya replied that they also had to find and develop their own style of communication with their horse . Tarun said that he would watch that documentary the following weekend .
Conversation ko reported speech mein badalte waqt tense peeche gaya — 'watched' bana ' had watched ', 'last night' bana 'the previous night', aur 'will watch' bana ' would watch the following weekend'. Samjho yahi reported speech ke main changes hain.
